1. Purpose and Principles

Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) recognizes authorship as both credit for scholarly work and responsibility for its accuracy, integrity, and ethical conduct. Authorship must accurately reflect the individuals who made substantial intellectual contributions to the work and who are prepared to take responsibility for it.

This policy is intended to:

1. Ensure that appropriate contributors receive authorship credit.

2. Prevent honorary, gift, coercive, purchased, fictitious, or ghost authorship.

3. Distinguish authors from non-author contributors.

4. Make individual contributions transparent.

5. Establish responsibilities for the corresponding author and all co-authors.

6. Provide procedures for authorship changes and disputes.

The authors, rather than the journal, are primarily responsible for identifying who qualifies for authorship and determining the order of authors. The journal may request supporting information, investigate suspected irregularities, or refer disputes to the relevant institutions.

2. Criteria for Authorship

Every individual listed as an author must meet all four of the following criteria:

1. Substantial contribution: The individual made a substantial contribution to the conception or design of the work, or to the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data.

2. Intellectual involvement in the manuscript: The individual drafted the manuscript or critically reviewed it for important intellectual content.

3. Approval of the final version: The individual reviewed and approved the version to be published.

4. Accountability: The individual agreed to be accountable for the integrity and accuracy of the work and to cooperate in resolving questions concerning any part of it.

All individuals who meet these four criteria should be listed as authors. Individuals who have made substantial contributions should be given a reasonable opportunity to participate in reviewing, revising, and approving the manuscript rather than being excluded from authorship.

A person must not be listed as an author solely because of seniority, position, reputation, institutional authority, funding, supervision, ownership of facilities, or another contribution that does not satisfy all four criteria.

3. Collective and Individual Responsibility

Each author is responsible for the accuracy and integrity of their own contribution.

Authors should also:

1. Understand the overall purpose, methods, findings, and conclusions of the work.

2. Know which co-authors are responsible for specific contributions.

3. Have reasonable confidence in the integrity of their co-authors' contributions.

4. Cooperate with requests for data, documentation, clarification, correction, or investigation.

5. Help ensure that questions concerning the work are appropriately examined and resolved.

Authors remain accountable for the integrity of the work as a whole and must not disregard a credible concern merely because the questioned part was prepared by another author.

4. Author Contribution Statement

All manuscripts submitted to the journal must include an Author Contributions Statement describing the role of each author.

Authors are encouraged to use the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to describe individual contributions. Relevant CRediT roles include Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, and Writing – review and editing.

An individual may be assigned more than one role, and the same role may be assigned to more than one person.

A contribution statement may use the following format:

Conceptualization: A.B. and C.D.; Methodology: A.B.; Software: E.F.; Validation: C.D. and E.F.; Formal analysis: A.B.; Investigation: A.B. and E.F.; Data curation: E.F.; Writing – original draft: A.B.; Writing – review and editing: C.D. and E.F.; Visualization: A.B.; Supervision: C.D.; Funding acquisition: C.D.

All authors must review and approve the contribution statement before submission. Assignment of a CRediT role does not automatically qualify a person for authorship. Each author must still satisfy all four authorship criteria.

5. Non-Author Contributors and Acknowledgments

Individuals who contributed to the work but do not meet all four authorship criteria must not be listed as authors. Their contributions may be recognized in the Acknowledgments section.

Examples include technical or laboratory assistance, routine data collection, administrative or logistical support, language editing, translation, proofreading, professional writing assistance, preparation of illustrations or formatting, provision of materials or facilities, general supervision, funding acquisition without further qualifying intellectual contribution, and advice that did not amount to a substantial intellectual contribution.

The Acknowledgments section should describe the nature of the assistance provided. Financial support and paid professional services must also be disclosed where applicable.

Because acknowledgment may imply endorsement of the work, authors must obtain permission from individuals who are identified by name.

6. Unacceptable Authorship Practices

The journal prohibits the following practices:

1. Honorary or Gift Authorship: Listing a person because of seniority, status, reputation, authority, personal relationship, or expectation of reciprocal credit when that person does not meet the authorship criteria.

2. Guest Authorship: Adding a prominent or influential person to increase the apparent credibility, visibility, or likelihood of acceptance of a manuscript without a qualifying contribution.

3. Coercive Authorship: Using authority, supervision, employment, funding, or institutional power to demand authorship without a qualifying contribution.

4. Ghost Authorship: Omitting a person who made a qualifying contribution or concealing the involvement of a writer, company, sponsor, or other contributor.

5. Purchased or Sold Authorship: Offering, selling, purchasing, exchanging, or transferring a position on an author list.

6. Fictitious or Fraudulent Authorship: Listing a nonexistent person, using a false identity, impersonating another person, or including an individual without their knowledge and consent.

7. Authorship Without Consent: Submitting or publishing a person's name as an author without that person's approval of the manuscript and agreement to authorship.

Suspected authorship manipulation may result in suspension of editorial processing, rejection, correction, retraction, notification of relevant institutions, or other appropriate action under the journal's Allegations of Research and Publication Misconduct Policy.

7. Author Order and Equal Contribution

Authors are collectively responsible for determining the order in which their names appear. The journal does not prescribe a universal author-order convention and does not assume that a particular position necessarily represents a specific level or type of contribution.

Authors should discuss and agree on the author order before initial submission. The convention used to determine the order must be understood and accepted by all authors.

Statements of equal contribution, including co-first authorship or equal contribution among corresponding authors where applicable, may be included when they accurately reflect the contributions made and have been approved by all authors.

The journal does not impose a fixed numerical limit on equal-contribution designations. However, such statements must be justified by the actual contributions of the individuals concerned and must not be used to conceal uncertainty, disagreement, or manipulation regarding authorship.

8. Corresponding Author

The corresponding author serves as the primary contact between the author group and the journal before, during, and after publication.

The corresponding author is responsible for:

1. Ensuring that every listed author meets the journal's authorship criteria.

2. Ensuring that no qualifying author has been omitted.

3. Obtaining agreement on the author list and author order.

4. Confirming the accuracy of names, affiliations, and contact information.

5. Ensuring that all authors approve the manuscript before submission.

6. Coordinating the Author Contributions and competing-interest statements.

7. Keeping all authors informed of editorial correspondence and decisions.

8. Obtaining all authors' approval for revisions and the final version.

9. Responding promptly to editorial queries.

10. Ensuring that data, ethical approvals, permissions, and supporting documentation can be provided when requested.

11. Remaining available after publication to respond to questions, corrections, or integrity concerns.

The corresponding author's responsibilities do not reduce the accountability of the other authors.

Any request to change the corresponding author must include a reason and written agreement from all authors, including the previous and proposed corresponding authors.

9. Group or Consortium Authorship

A research group, consortium, or collaborative network may be listed as an author when group authorship is appropriate.

The corresponding author must identify the group name, identify the individual members who meet the authorship criteria and accept responsibility for the work, distinguish authors from other group contributors, provide contribution information where required, and confirm that the group has approved the submitted manuscript.

Individuals who contributed through the group but do not meet the authorship criteria may be listed separately as collaborators or acknowledged contributors.

10. Use of Artificial Intelligence

Generative AI systems and AI-assisted tools cannot be listed as authors or co-authors because they cannot fulfill the responsibilities required of human authors, including approval of the manuscript, accountability for its content, and participation in resolving integrity concerns.

Human authors remain fully responsible for all content produced or modified with AI assistance.

Substantive AI use must be disclosed in accordance with the journal's Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence Policy. The use of AI does not reduce the contribution or accountability required for human authorship.

11. Finalization of the Author List

The complete and definitive author list should be provided at initial submission, both in the manuscript and in the submission metadata.

Before submission, all authors must agree on:

• Inclusion in the author list.

• Author order.

• Corresponding author designation.

• Institutional affiliations.

• Author Contributions Statement.

• Competing-interest declaration.

• The version of the manuscript being submitted.

The journal may request confirmation directly from any author, as well as ORCID identifiers, institutional email confirmation, contribution records, or other reasonable documentation to verify identity and authorship.

12. Changes to Authorship Before Acceptance

Requests to add, remove, reorder, or replace authors after initial submission will be considered only when a clear and valid reason is provided.

The corresponding author must submit:

1. A description of the requested change.

2. The reason for the change.

3. An updated Author Contributions Statement, where applicable.

4. Written confirmation from all existing authors and any person being added or removed.

A person being removed must confirm agreement to the removal. A person being added must confirm that they meet the authorship criteria, approve the manuscript, and accept accountability.

The journal may suspend peer review or editorial processing while the request is assessed. Approval of the change is at the discretion of the responsible editor, subject to the journal's policies and any relevant institutional determination.

Authorship changes requested during revision must not be used to add individuals merely because they assisted with responding to reviewers or to remove authors because of disagreement with an editorial decision.

13. Changes to Authorship After Acceptance but Before Publication

After acceptance, the addition, removal, replacement, or rearrangement of authors will be considered only in exceptional circumstances.

Publication or production may be suspended while the request is evaluated. The same documentation and written agreement required for changes before acceptance must be provided.

The journal may refuse the change when the explanation is inadequate, the requested change is inconsistent with the contribution records, consent from affected authors is missing, there is evidence of coercion or authorship manipulation, or an unresolved authorship dispute requires institutional investigation.

Approval of an authorship change does not guarantee that publication can proceed immediately. The journal may require further verification before continuing the publication process.

14. Changes to Authorship After Publication

Authorship information in a published article must not be changed silently.

An approved post-publication authorship change will normally be made through a formal Correction linked to the original article. The notice should explain the nature of the change, subject to applicable confidentiality and legal requirements.

The journal may request written agreement from all affected authors, an updated contribution statement, supporting institutional documentation, confirmation from the person being added or removed, and an explanation of why the correct authorship information was not provided earlier.

Where the authors cannot agree, the journal will normally refer the dispute to the relevant institution or another competent body and will not alter the author list solely on the basis of an unverified request.

An Expression of Concern or another editorial notice will be considered only when justified by the available evidence and the implications for the integrity or reliability of the published record. An unresolved authorship disagreement does not automatically warrant such a notice.

Post-publication actions will follow the journal's Corrections, Retractions, Withdrawals, Removals, and Replacements Policy.

15. Authorship Disputes

The journal does not act as an arbiter of disputes about who deserves authorship or the appropriate author order when the relevant parties cannot agree.

When an authorship dispute arises, the journal may:

1. Request that the authors attempt to resolve the matter collectively.

2. Suspend peer review, acceptance, production, or publication while the dispute is assessed.

3. Request documentation of contributions, prior agreements, and relevant correspondence.

4. Refer the matter to the institution or institutions where the work was conducted.

5. Seek a determination from an employer, funder, or other competent body where appropriate.

6. Take further action under the journal's publication ethics policies if authorship manipulation or other misconduct is suspected.

The journal will normally rely on a documented agreement among the affected parties or an appropriate institutional determination before changing an author list.

If a dispute remains unresolved after reasonable efforts to obtain clarification and institutional assistance, the journal may decline to proceed with publication before publication, taking into account the circumstances of the case and the need to maintain a reliable publication process.

The passage of a fixed period alone does not establish misconduct or automatically justify rejection, retraction, or withdrawal of an already published article. Any action affecting a published article must be assessed under the relevant post-publication policies and on the basis of available evidence.

Complaints about whether the journal has followed its authorship procedures will be handled under the journal's Complaints and Appeals Policy.

16. Submissions from Editors and Editorial Board Members

Editors and Editorial Board members must meet the same authorship criteria as all other authors.

When an editor or Editorial Board member is an author of a submitted manuscript, the submission will be handled independently in accordance with the journal's Conflict of Interest Policy.

The author-editor must not participate in reviewer selection, editorial discussion, or decision-making concerning their manuscript. The journal must ensure that the manuscript undergoes the usual editorial assessment and peer-review process under independent editorial management.

17. Policy Review

Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) will periodically review and update this policy to remain consistent with developments in scholarly publishing, authorship standards, contributor taxonomies, publication ethics, and relevant COPE guidance.