THE ROLE OF ZINC, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM INTAKE ON BLOOD LIPID PROFILES
Article Sidebar
DOI:
Read Counter : 220
Download : 161
Main Article Content
Fifi Retiaty
Nurheni Sri Palupi
Fitrah Ernawati
Nuri Andarwulan
Abstract
Blood lipid parameters are influenced by nutrient intake, both macronutrients and micronutrients. This study aims to analyze the relationship between zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) with lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The study design was cross-sectional using secondary data from the 2017 Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Cohort Study which took 3,507 samples from a population of 5,329 respondents with a purposive sampling technique. The data analyzed included sociodemographic characteristics data, lipid profile data, and 1x24-hour recall consumption data. Data processing used logistic regression analysis and correlation with a 95% confidence level. The study results showed that gender, age, education level, and marital status had a significant relationship with lipid profiles. The results of this study were micronutrients and lipid profiles showed a significant negative relationship between sodium, potassium, and zinc with cholesterol and a significant negative relationship between potassium and LDL. This study concludes that the greater risk of dyslipidemia is female gender, increasing age, low education level, and marital status with divorced category. Sodium, potassium, and zinc have a relationship with the occurrence of dyslipidemia. Further research is needed, and a more comprehensive study is required to analyze the relationship between micronutrients and dyslipidemia.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
WHO. Global action: Nuclear test ban diplomacy at the end of the cold war. Published online 2019:1-232. doi:10.4324/9780429033735
Pompano LM, Boy E. Effects of dose and duration of zinc interventions on risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. Published online 2021. https://academic.oup.com/advances/article-abstract/12/1/141/5877442
Ministry of Health Indonesia. National Report of Basic Health Research Indonesia (Laporan RISKESDAS) 2018.; 2019.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Laporan Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) Tahun 2013.; 2013. http://labdata.litbang.kemkes.go.id/images/download/laporan/RKD/2013/Laporan_riskesdas_2013_final.pdf
Sinuraya RK, Rianti A, Suwantika AA. Cost minimization of cardiovascular disease (CVD) drugs in primary healthcare centers in Bandung, Indonesia. J Adv Pharm Educ Res. 2021;11(1):63-69. doi:10.51847/ rzqepcg
Rahayu CD, Mulyani S. Risiko Stres terhadap Penyakit Jantung Koroner (Analisis Lanjut Studi Kohort Penya- kit Tidak Menular): Nested-case control. J Ilm Kesehat. 2020;19(Mei):33-42.
Damasceno A. Noncommunicable Disease. Hear Africa Clin Profile an Evol Burd Hear Dis Africa. Published online 2016:155-157. doi:10.1002/9781119097136.part5
Mboi N, Syailendrawati R, Ostroff SM, et al. The state of health in Indonesia’s provinces, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Glob Heal. 2022;10(11):e1632-e1645. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00371-0
Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. doi:10.1016/j.diabres. 2021.109119
Rahiman N, Bangera S, Hameed S. Assessment of serum lipid profile and electrolyte levels in Type II diabetes mellitus - A comparative study based on glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;9(7):1. doi:10.5455/njppp.2019.9.0309020042019
Veeramalla V, Madas S. Comparison of lipid levels in the diabetic and non diabetic patients: a study in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Adv Med. 2017;4(6):1573. doi:10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20175169
Rafsanjani MS, Asriati A, Kholidha AN, Alifariki LO. Hubungan Kadar High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Dengan Kejadian Hipertensi. J Profesi Med J Kedokt dan Kesehat. 2019;13(2):74-81. doi:10.33533/jpm.v13i2.1274
Kimokoti RW, Millen BE. Nutrition for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Med Clin North Am. 2016;100(6):1185-1198. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.06.003
Joshi BR, Yadav T, Amit AK, Rizal S. Gender Differences in Lipid Profile in Dyslipidemic Patients Visiting Hetauda Hospital. Med Phoenix. 2024;9(1):7-11. doi:10.3126/medphoenix.v9i1.67178
Mir R, Elfaki I, Frah EAM, Alzahrani KJ, Mir MM, Banu S. Clinical Correlations of Lipid Profiles with the Age and Gender in the Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Study of 3878 CAD Patients from India. Endocrine, Metab Immune Disord - Drug Targets. 2022;22(4):440-452. doi:10.2174/1871530322666220304110306
, et al. A Decade of Lipid Profiles: A Gender Focus. Hear Res - Open J. 2016;3(1):9-15. doi:10.17140/hroj-3-129
Khalil R, Nasim S, Kumar N. Gender Difference in Lipid Profile in Hypertensive Patients’ Hospital-Based Study. Cardiol Open Access. 2022;7(1):195-199. doi:10.33140/coa.07.01.05
Holven KB, Roeters van Lennep J. Sex differences in lipids: A life course approach. Atherosclerosis. 2023;384(September): 117270. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117270
Billah MM, Rana SMM, Akter N, Hossain MS. Analysis of serum electrolyte and lipid profile in young Bangladeshi female with Type II Diabetes. Cogent Biol. 2018;4(1):1431474. doi:10.1080/23312025. 2018.1431474
Vitale M, Masulli M, Cocozza S, et al. Sex differences in food choices, adherence to dietary recommendations and plasma lipid profile in type 2 diabetes – The TOSCA.IT study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;26(10):879-885. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2016.04.006
Zhao P, Liu S, Zhong Z, Liu J. Age- and sex-related difference of lipid profile in patients with ischemic stroke in China. Med (United States). 2018;97(23):1-6. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010930
Khalifah-Ourfali R, Kababie-Ameo R, Meaney E, Ceballos G, Gutiérrez-Salmeán G. Education level impact on cardiometabolic risk factors: a brief report. Integr Food, Nutr Metab. 2017;4(5):1-5. doi:10.15761/ifnm.1000191
Truit AR. Educational intervention for the prevent ion of complicat ions in pat ients with dyslipidemia. Rev Medica Electron. 2019;41(6).
Soleimani H, Ghasemi E, Saeedi Moghaddam S, et al. Assessing the effect of socioeconomic factors on prevalence of dyslipidemia among iranian adult population; district level analysis from 2016 STEPS national study using small area estimation. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2022;21(1):647-655. doi:10.1007/s40200-022-01027-x
Hemati A, Moghadasi M, Azizi F. Association among lifestyle status and body mass index in Yasuj adolescents. J Phys Act Horm. 2017;1(2).
Nielsen J, Shivashankar R, Cunningham SA, et al. Couple Concordance in Diabetes, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia in Urban India and Pakistan: Socio-Economic and Household Characteristics and Modifiable Risk Factors. SSRN Electron J. 2022;(March 2023). doi:10.2139/ssrn. 3987070
Barbash IM, Gaglia MA, Torguson R, et al. Effect of marital status on the outcome of patients undergoing elective or urgent coronary revascularization. Am Heart J. 2013;166(4):729-736. doi:10.1016/j.ahj. 2013.07.018
Vinod RK, Shashikala M, Suresh KP. Distribution of certain risk factors among dyslipidaemic patients, morbid with first episode coronary heart disease. J Indian Med Assoc. 2013;111(6):391-394.
Mekuriaw W, Belachew T, Leul M, et al. Correlation of dyslipidemia and athrogenic index of plasma with anthropometric measurements and clinical variables among diabetic patients in Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia, 2021. Ann Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;6(1):025-033. doi:10.29328/ journal.acgh.1001035
Choi JW, Park JS, Lee CH. Interactive effect of high sodium intake with increased serum triglycerides on hypertension. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231707
Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jürgens G. Effects of low-sodium diet vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride (cochrane review). Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(1):1-15. doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.210
Padilha BM, Ferreira RC, Bueno NB, et al. Association between blood cholesterol and sodium intake in hypertensive women with excess weight. Med (United States). 2018;97(15):1-6. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010371
Äijälä M, Malo E, Santaniemi M, et al. Dietary sodium intake and prediction of cardiovascular events. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(9):1042-1047. doi:10.1038/ejcn. 2015.40
Harsha DW, Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, et al. Effect of dietary sodium intake on blood lipids: Results from the dash-sodium trial. Hypertension. 2004;43(2):393-398. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000113046.83819.a2
Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease:systematic review and meta analyses.BMJ.2013;346(7903).doi:10.1136/bmj.f1378
Folz J, Oh YT, Blaženović I, Richey J, Fiehn O, Youn JH. Interaction of Gut Microbiota and High-Sodium, Low-Potassium Diet in Altering Plasma Triglyceride Profiles Revealed by Lipidomics Analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2019;63(24):1-9. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201900752
Dasgupta A, Maiti S, Choudhury JR, Bhattacharjee D. Study of Serum Magnesium, Potassium and their Correlation with Lipid Profile in Ischaemic Heart Disease. Natl J Lab Med. Published online 2022. doi:10.7860/njlm/2022/53258.2625
Shen H, MacDonald R, Bruemmer D, et al. Zinc deficiency alters lipid metabolism in LDL receptor-deficient mice treated with rosiglitazone. J Nutr. 2007;137(11):2339-2345. doi:10.1093/jn/137.11.2339
Witwit GT, Ali BM, Alsaffar Y, Ghazala AD. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Insulin Resistance, Lipid Profile, BMI in Type II Diabetic Patients. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2021;15(3):1487-1493. doi:10.37506/ijfmt.v15i3.15514
Hani M, Noon B, Isam M. Assessment of zinc, Lipid profile and HB A1c in Sudanese with Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Khartoum State. ScholarsmepubCom. 2017;4929:201-205. doi:10.21276/sjmps.2017.3.3.14
Asbaghi O, Sadeghian M, Fouladvand F, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30(8):1260-1271. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.03.021
Roozbeh J, Hedayati P, Sagheb MM, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels in zinc-deficient hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2009;31(9):798-801. doi:10.3109/08860220903216055
Carvalho LMF de, Carvalho JBBL de S, Sousa CB de, Paz SMRS da, Santos MM dos. Association between magnesium, selenium and zinc consumption and lipid profile of brazilian adolescents Asociación. 2020;47:757-764.
Rashidi AA, Salehi M, Piroozmand A, Sagheb MM. Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Serum Zinc and C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Hemodialysis Patients. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19(6):475-478. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2009. 04.005
Mazaheri M, Aghdam AM, Heidari M, Zarrin R. Assessing the Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Frequency of Migraine Attack, Duration, Severity, Lipid Profile and hs-CRP in Adult Women. Clin Nutr Res. 2021;10(2):127. doi:10.7762/cnr.2021.10.2.127
Sudan H, Asaad R. Evaluation of Serum Zinc Levels and Its Relationship To Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Type (2) Diabetes Mellitus. Bull Pharm Sci Assiut. 2022;45(2):1051-1061. doi:10.21608/BFSA.2022.271791
Knez M, Pantovic A, Zekovic M, Pavlovic Z, Glibetic M, Zec M. Is there a link between zinc intake and status with plasma fatty acid profile and desaturase activities in dyslipidemic subjects? Nutrients. 2020;12(1):1-19. doi:10.3390/nu12010093
Rosenblum H, Wessler JD, Gupta A, Maurer MS, Bikdeli B. Zinc Deficiency and Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature. J Card Fail. 2020;26(2):180-189. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.01.005
Hameed I hazim, Jawad OT, Salman AF, Jwair WA. Estimation of Lipid Profile and Zinc in smoking and Non-Smoking Urban and Rural people of Al Hila city. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023;30(2):291-300. doi:10.47750/jptcp.2023.1109
Chu N, Chan TY, Chu YK, et al. Higher dietary magnesium and potassium intake are associated with lower body fat in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Front Nutr. 2023;10(April):1-8. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1169705
Fan Y, Wu M, Li X, et al. Potassium levels and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients with cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutr J. 2024;23(1):1-12. doi:10.1186/s12937-023-00888-z