A REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AMONG PEOPLE WITH OBESITY: ITS IMPLICATION ON THE USE OF THE TERM OVERNUTRITION IN INDONESIA

Main Article Content

Al Mukhlas Fikri
Rini Harianti
Sudikno

Abstract

Obesity is a global pandemic that is closely related to the emergence of non-communicable diseases and premature death. Although obesity results from excess energy intake, deficiency of other nutrients are commonly found. Therefore, the use of the term overnutrition to describe obesity creates misperceptions. The objective of this review was to provide the evidence of a nutritional deficiency condition in obesity that can be used as a basis for considering the use of the term in Indonesia. The review was performed with unstructured literature search on several databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Although obesity is caused by excess intake of macronutrients, the results of this review showed that many studies reported micronutrient deficiencies were present in people with obesity. The deficiencies were commonly reported, including deficiency of vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate, iron, calcium, and phosphor. The main causes were the habit of consuming food with a high content of macronutrients, but low in micronutrients, and metabolic consequences of body fat accumulation. Moreover, the deficiencies of micronutrients contributed to an increased risk of diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Meanwhile, the Global Nutrition Report has not used the term overnutrition, instead to use overweight and obesity. Therefore, the use of the term in Indonesia to describe obesity needs to be further reviewed. However as this is a narrative review, more comprehensive and systematic review is still needed.

Article Details

How to Cite
Fikri, A. M., Harianti, R., & Sudikno. (2024). A REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AMONG PEOPLE WITH OBESITY: ITS IMPLICATION ON THE USE OF THE TERM OVERNUTRITION IN INDONESIA. Penelitian Gizi Dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research), 46(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.22435/pgm.v46i1.748
Section
Articles

References

Lim HJ, Xue H, Wang Y. Global trends in obesity. Handbook of Eating and Drinking: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.2020;1217–35.

Kemenkes RI. Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2018. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. 2018;53(9):1689–99.

Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(5):288–98.

Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6–10.

Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R, Powis J, Brinsden H, Gray M. Co. 2023. [cited 2023 Jun 13]. Available from: www.johnclarksondesign.co.uk

Kim C, Fryar C, Ogden CL. Epidemiology of obesity. In: Handbook of epidemiology. Springer; 2023. p. 1–47.

Wilding JPH. Causes of obesity. Vol. 18, Practical Diabetes International. John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2001. p. 288–92.

Via M. The malnutrition of obesity: micronutrient deficiencies that promote diabetes. Int Sch Res Notices. 2012;2012.

Kobylińska M, Antosik K, Decyk A, Kurowska K. Malnutrition in obesity: is it possible? Obes Facts. 2022;15(1):19–25.

Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(1):6–16.

Bandini LG, Vu D, Must A, Cyr H, Goldberg A, Dietz WH. Comparison of high‐calorie, low‐nutrient‐dense food consumption among obese and non‐obese adolescents. Obes Res. 1999;7(5):438–43.

Kemenkes RI. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2020 Tentang Standar Antropometri Anak. Jakarta: Menteri kesehatan republik indonesia. 2020;

Ersado TL. Causes of Malnutrition. 2022 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.104458. In: Combating Malnutrition through Sustainable Approaches. ed. Saeed F, Ahmed A and Afzaal M. London: IntechOpen, 2023.

Gowele VF, Kinabo J, Jumbe T, Rybak C, Stuetz W. High prevalence of stunting and anaemia is associated with multiple micronutrient deficiencies in school children of small-scale farmers from Chamwino and Kilosa districts, Tanzania. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1576.

Sánchez A, Rojas P, Basfi-Fer K, Carrasco F, Inostroza J, Codoceo J, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies in morbidly obese women prior to bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2016;26:361–8.

Peterson LA, Cheskin LJ, Furtado M, Papas K, Schweitzer MA, Magnuson TH, et al. Malnutrition in bariatric surgery candidates: multiple micronutrient deficiencies prior to surgery. Obes Surg. 2016;26:833–8.

Dagan SS, Zelber-Sagi S, Webb M, Keidar A, Raziel A, Sakran N, et al. Nutritional Status Prior to Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery. Obes Surg. 2016 Sep 1;26(9):2119–26.

Wang C, Guan B, Yang W, Yang J, Cao G, Lee S. Prevalence of electrolyte and nutritional deficiencies in Chinese bariatric surgery candidates. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. 2016;12(3):629–34.

van Rutte PWJ, Aarts EO, Smulders JF, Nienhuijs SW. Nutrient Deficiencies Before and After Sleeve Gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2014 Oct 1;24(10):1639–46.

Lefebvre P, Letois F, Sultan A, Nocca D, Mura T, Galtier F. Nutrient deficiencies in patients with obesity considering bariatric surgery: A cross-sectional study. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. 2014;10(3):540–6.

Krzizek EC, Brix JM, Herz CT, Kopp HP, Schernthaner GH, Schernthaner G, et al. Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency in patients with morbid obesity before bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2018;28:643–8.

Asghari G, Khalaj A, Ghadimi M, Mahdavi M, Farhadnejad H, Valizadeh M, et al. Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies Prior to Bariatric Surgery: Tehran Obesity Treatment Study (TOTS). Obes Surg. 2018 Aug 1;28(8):2465–72.

Pellegrini M, Rahimi F, Boschetti S, Devecchi A, De Francesco A, Mancino M V, et al. Pre-operative micronutrient deficiencies in patients with severe obesity candidates for bariatric surgery. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44:1413–23.

McKay J, Ho S, Jane M, Pal S. Overweight & obese Australian adults and micronutrient deficiency. BMC Nutr. 2020;6(1):1–13.

Belda E, Voland L, Tremaroli V, Falony G, Adriouch S, Assmann KE, et al. Impairment of gut microbial biotin metabolism and host biotin status in severe obesity: Effect of biotin and prebiotic supplementation on improved metabolism. Gut. 2022;

García OP, Ronquillo D, Caamaño M del C, Camacho M, Long KZ, Rosado JL. Zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin C status are associated with leptin concentrations and obesity in Mexican women: results from a cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9:1–9.

Chen S, Zhou L, Guo Q, Fang C, Wang M, Peng X, et al. Association of plasma chromium with metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults: a case-control study. Nutr J. 2020;19(1):1–8.

Christian AK, Steiner-Asiedu M, Bentil HJ, Rohner F, Wegmüller R, Petry N, et al. Co-Occurrence of Overweight/Obesity, Anemia and Micronutrient Deficiencies among Non-Pregnant Women of Reproductive Age in Ghana: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey. Nutrients. 2022;14(7):1427.

Lee SJ, Ryu HK. Relationship between dietary intakes and the double burden of malnutrition in adults of Malang, Indonesia: An exploratory study. Nutr Res Pract. 2018;12(5):426–35.

Thillan K, Lanerolle P, Thoradeniya T, Samaranayake D, Chandrajith R, Wickramasinghe P. Micronutrient status and associated factors of adiposity in primary school children with normal and high body fat in Colombo municipal area, Sri Lanka. BMC Pediatr. 2021 Dec 1;21(1).

Dai H, Song R, Barth M, Zheng S. Dietary Nutrient Intake and Obesity Prevalence among Native American Adolescents. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS). 2018;7(2):114–9.

Gómez MI, Barrett CB, Raney T, Pinstrup-Andersen P, Meerman J, Croppenstedt A, et al. Post-green revolution food systems and the triple burden of malnutrition. Food Policy. 2013;42:129–38.

Capacci S, Mazzocchi M, Shankar B, Traill B. FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia Policy Studies on Rural Transition No The triple burden of malnutrition in Europe and Central Asia: a multivariate analysis.

Sunuwar DR, Singh DR, Pradhan PMS. Prevalence and factors associated with double and triple burden of malnutrition among mothers and children in Nepal: evidence from 2016 Nepal demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–11.

Mudogo CM. Vulnerability of Urban Poor Women and Children to the Triple. Burden of Malnutrition: A Scoping Review of the Sub-Saharan Africa Environment. Global J Med Res. 2017;9–16.

Meenakshi J V. Trends and patterns in the triple burden of malnutrition in India. Agricultural Economics. 2016;47(S1):115–34.

Rah JH, Melse-Boonstra A, Agustina R, Van Zutphen KG, Kraemer K. The triple burden of malnutrition among adolescents in Indonesia. Vol. 42, Food and Nutrition Bulletin. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA; 2021. p. S4–8.

Guardiola-Márquez CE, Santos-Ramírez MT, Segura-Jiménez ME, Figueroa-Montes ML, Jacobo-Velázquez DA. Fighting Obesity-Related Micronutrient Deficiencies through Biofortification of Agri-Food Crops with Sustainable Fertilization Practices. Vol. 11, Plants. MDPI; 2022.

Kuźbicka K, Rachoń D. Bad eating habits as the main cause of obesity among children. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2013;19(3):106–10.

Vranić L, Mikolašević I, Milić S. Vitamin D deficiency: consequence or cause of obesity? Medicina (B Aires). 2019;55(9):541.

Astrup A, Bügel S. Overfed but undernourished: recognizing nutritional inadequacies/deficiencies in patients with overweight or obesity. Int J Obes. 2019;43(2):219–32.

Köse S, Sözlü S, Bölükbaşi H, Ünsal N, Gezmen-Karadağ M. Obesity is associated with folate metabolism. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2019;

Pravst I, Lavriša Ž, Hribar M, Hristov H, Kvarantan N, Seljak BK, et al. Dietary intake of folate and assessment of the folate deficiency prevalence in Slovenia using serum biomarkers. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3860.

Alshwaiyat NM, Ahmad A, Wan Hassan WMR, Al Jamal HAN. Association between obesity and iron deficiency. Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(5):1–7.

Ortíz Pérez M, Vázquez López MA, Ibáñez Alcalde M, Galera Martínez R, Martín González M, Lendínez Molinos F, et al. Relationship between Obesity and Iron Deficiency in Healthy Adolescents. Childhood Obesity. 2020 Sep 1;16(6):440–7.

Picciano MF, Yetley EA, Coates PM, McGuire MK. Update on folate and human health. Nutr Today. 2009;44(4):142–52.

Depeint F, Bruce WR, Shangari N, Mehta R, O’Brien PJ. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chem Biol Interact. 2006;163(1–2):94–112.

Yanaka N, Kanda M, Toya K, Suehiro H, Kato N. Vitamin B6 regulates mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ target genes. Exp Ther Med. 2011;2(3):419–24.

Cândido FG, Bressan J. Vitamin D: link between osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes? Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(4):6569–91.

Liu C, Liu L, Wang Y, Chen X, Liu J, Peng S, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia Increases Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Death in an Elderly Chinese Community Population of a 7-Year Follow-Up Study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;8:2193.

Fu L, Wang Y, Hu YQ. Causal effects of B vitamins, homocysteine on fat and musculoskeletal diseases: A Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr. 2022;2741.

Luan Y yi, Yao Y ming. The clinical significance and potential role of C-reactive protein in chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1302.

Global Nutrition Report. A Glossary of Terms. 2023. [cited 2023 Jun 13]. Available from: https://globalnutritionreport.org/ resources/naf/about/glossary/